For a diverse audience in mind, this course the current status, development, and future prospects for the critical technology of second-generation biorefineries, specifically with a focus on lignocellulosic materials as feedstock. The course will provides an overview of the issues behind this technological transition, and it provides, in depth, the science and technology related to cellulose for production of bioethanol and other biofuels. This course also highlights the main emerging routes that will serve as the source of important bio-generated products in the future.